FF155: Go Ahead, Motivate Me! Engagement for the Differently Motivated Dog

Although reinforcement and motivation are distinct concepts, they are also closely related.

Motivation.

Motivation is present BEFORE a specific behaviour is performed. Motivation is the desire to perform the specific behaviour; it is what “drives” the individual to initiate and maintain the behaviour.

Typically, the higher the level of motivation, the more enthusiastic, intense, and/or focused our dog will be as they prepare to undertake the task, and whilst performing the task.

Many typical sport dogs / working dogs have an innate “drive” (intrinsic motivation) to perform specific sport and training related behaviors, whereas our differently motivated (DM) dogs may also have strong motivation to perform specific behaviors / activities, but these “behavioral drivers” may be less conducive to undertaking typical training / “working” tasks.

Typical sport / working dogs possess one or more of the following traits:

• They are highly biddable (i.e. their genetics generate innate motivation to want to listen to the human and focus on the human, and they have an innate desire to determine what the human wants and to “comply” with the human’s requests).
• They have a strong innate motivation to perform the required sport / ”work” behaviors (e.g. a nosework or tracking dog that has a strong innate desire to hunt /  track / locate scent; a bitesport dog that has a strong innate desire to monitor movement in the environment, and to chase and bite; a herding dog that has a strong innate desire to interact with livestock; a retrieving dog that has a strong innate desire to carry / retrieve; etc.)
• They have a strong innate motivation to perform behaviours that can easily be transferred into very powerful “reinforcement tools” (e.g. a strong desire to chase, bite, retrieve can allow toys to be used as high value reinforcement; a strong desire to move / run / circle (herd) can allow something as simple as wrapping a cone to be turned into a powerful reinforcer; etc.)

When we are working with our DM dogs, we often need to adjust our training strategies because:

• Their reduced innate biddability results in our dog becoming very de-motivated about continuing to work with us as soon as they experience even a small amount of challenge (e.g. frustration that is not RAPIDLY resolved; any amount of mental fatigue; any amount of physical discomfort (e.g. a small amount of physical fatigue, environmental conditions that are less than ideal, etc.) etc.)
• They may be very independent and possess limited drive (innate motivation) for the specific sport / work / activity we are undertaking. Hence their ONLY motivation to perform the behaviors will be derived from the potential opportunity to access the rewards / reinforcement we deliver.
• Although all DM dogs are still highly motivated to undertake specific behaviors / activities, their individual innate traits may not lend themselves to generating viable reinforcers for typical training sessions (e.g. they may be driven to do independent activities; they may enjoy investigating aspects of the environment in an independent way; they may predominantly enjoy low energy activities; etc.)

Hence, when working with our DM dogs we may find ourselves almost exclusively using food as our primary reward / reinforcement and to motivate the initiation of behaviors in the learning phase. We may also need to utilize food to increase the value of other behaviors that may then be useful as reinforcers (e.g. using food to strengthen the value of toy play, or using food to strengthen the value of personal play / petting, etc.)  

How reinforcement influences motivation.

Reinforcement encourages the performance of behaviors because the individual anticipates a benefit from performing the behavior (i.e. they anticipate that performing the behavior will lead to a pleasant outcome (i.e. the influence of “positive reinforcement”), [or that performing the behavior will avoid an unpleasant outcome (i.e. the influence of “negative reinforcement”)]. It is important to note though, that the behavior has to have occurred BEFORE our dog can associate the “good outcome” (reinforcement) with the behavior (i.e. reinforcement comes AFTER the initiation or completion of a behavior). This association has to have been repeated many times before our dog will be able to reliably predict that performing the behavior will result in a “good outcome”. Once our dog finds a behavior to be enjoyable / beneficial, then that previous reinforcement motivates future performances of the behavior.

The impact of intrinsic reinforcement on motivation.

When behaviors are intrinsically enjoyable the reinforcement occurs during each performance of the behavior, this then adds to the motivation to perform the behavior again in a future similar circumstance.

In this case, motivation to perform the behavior will remain consistently high over time (unless our dog is experiencing conflicting issues – e.g. they are extremely fatigued or injured, or their arousal is so high that they are unable to perform the behavior, etc.), and once the behavior is trained / established, it will be easy to reduce (or even eliminate) our externally provided rewards because the performance of the behavior provides innate enjoyment / fulfilment.

The impact of extrinsic reinforcement on motivation.

When we strategically provide extrinsic reinforcement (i.e. when we provide rewards that our dog is able to directly associate with the performance of a specific behavior), this can create motivation to perform that behavior again under similar circumstances (because our dog predicts that a “good outcome” is likely to occur if they perform the behavior, even though the actual performance of the behavior is not innately rewarding to them).

When the behavior is not intrinsically motivating / reinforcing, and our extrinsically provided rewards drop below the threshold where our dog perceives enough “value” for performing the behavior, their motivation for performing the behavior will decline.

Behaviors that are not innately rewarding / enjoyable are more sensitive to changes in the value and rate of the rewards (reinforcement) we are providing and are more likely to rapidly decline in quality and reliability when there is any additional challenge (e.g. competing motivators, shifts in arousal, frustration, concern, physical or mental fatigue, etc.).

In summary……..

Motivation leads to the performance of a behaviour, the performance of the behaviour allows the individual to experience benefits for performing the behaviour (i.e. intrinsic or extrinsic reinforcement), and then the reinforcement contributes to the motivation to perform the behaviour again in the future.

Note: We discuss the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcement in more detail in the next topic.